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《Grammar》精品教案优质课下载
A present participle phrase is used to replace a sentence.
A. When two actions by the same subject occur simultaneously it is usually possible to express one of them by a present participle. The participle can be before or after the finite verb.
e.g. He rode away. He whistled as he went. = He rode away whistling.
B. When one action is immediately followed by another by the same subject the first action can often be expressed by a present participle. The participle must be put first.
e.g. He opened the drawer and took out a revolver.= Opening the drawer and took out a revolver.
It would seem more logical here to use the perfect participle and say Having opened, but this is not necessary except when the use of the present participle might lead to ambiguity。
C. When the second action forms part of the first, or are a result of it, we can express the second action by a present participle. e.g. She went out, slamming the door.
The perfect participle (active) ---having done
The perfect participle emphasizes that the first action is complete before the second one starts, but it is not necessary in the combinations of this kind, except when the use of the present participle might lead to confusion.
Reading the instructions, he snatched up the medicine. “might” give the impression that the two actions were simultaneous. Here therefore the perfect participle would be better.
Having read the instructions, he snatched up the medicine.
The past participle (passive) and the perfect participle (passive)
A. The past participle can replace a subject + passive verb just as the present participle can replace subject +active verb:
She enters. She is accompanied by her mother.
= She enters, accompanied by her mother.
As he was convinced that they were trying to prison him, he refused to eat anything.
= Convinced that they were trying to prison him, he refused to eat anything.
B. The perfect participle passive (having been done) is used when it is necessary to emphasize that the action expressed by the participle happened before the action expressed by the next verb.
e.g. Having been bitten twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we chained our dog up.